Academy of ophthalmology. Basic Ophthalmology | Cynthia A. Bradford, MD
Автор: Cynthia A. Bradford, MD
Год: 2004
Формат: DjVu
Качество: E-Book
Количество страниц: 237
Описание
Basic Ophthalmology is designed to help the user obtain an appropriate ocular history and learn the examination techniques for a complete eye evaluation.
From the history and clinical findings the reader should be able to diagnose and manage or refer common ocular disorders. The history of this textbook began in 1975 with the publication by the American Academy of Ophthalmology of a study guide in outline form for medical students.
The book’s developers identified seven common problem areas in ophthalmology and developed study objectives. Each subsequent edition was changed based on suggestions from users.
The fifth edition, which was developed by the joint committee of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology, abandoned the outline form for chapters with expository text.
The sixth edition, published in 1993, was one of the American Academy of Ophthalmology's most popular clinical education products.
The seventh edition, equally popular with thousands of students in hundreds of medical schools, was an update of the excellent work of Dr. Frank Berson and the Medical Student Education Committee in response to changes in health-care delivery.
The seventh edition was also translated into Chinese as well as a Russian dialect. This eighth edition places greater emphasis on historical information in evaluating visual complaints and assessing risk factors for ocular disease. Medical students learn risk factors for heart disease, but risk factors for blindness are often overlooked in new patient evaluations.
Primary care physicians have responsibility in the area of diagnosis, management, and referral of ocular disease and can learn to confidently evaluate patients' ocular complaints.
Prior to undertaking this revision, a user evaluation of the seventh edition was conducted among previous authors, Academy members Involved in medical student education, medical students, and primary care physicians.
Chapters have been revised based on the resulting recommendations. Much information and many photographs have been improved and updated.
Once again glaucoma care has undergone significant changes in the past few years, and these are reflected in this edition's descriptions of glaucoma medications and the indication for tonometry.
The eighth edition also acknowledges the increasing geriatric population with more detail on eye-related aging changes.
As in previous editions, the eighth edition features updated figures and expanded annotated resources.
Where appropriate, tables are presented to summarize textual information and facilitate study.
This book can be used in a variety of settings. The concise presentation of information makes it ideal for brief ophthalmology rotations. If greater time is available, the resources can be consulted for more detail.
This book is intended to be a flexible instrument that summarizes the important concepts, techniques, and facts of ophthalmology for all physicians, especially those in primary care.
The Ophthalmology Liaisons Committee anticipates that medical students will use this book in conjunction with comprehensive texts and other related resources annotated at the end of each chapter.
The current contributors would like to thank their predecessors on the Medical Student Education Committee who partially through this book built a great foundation for medical student learning. Current contributors include Cynthia A. Bradford, MD, executive editor; Hilary A. Beaver, MD; Reagan Bradford, Jr., MD; Bradley K. larris, MD; Karla J. Johns, MD; Carla J. Siegfried, MD; Scott C. Siglcr, MD; and Deana S. Watts, MD. Special thanks to the reviewers of the revised manuscript: David Sarraf, MD; L. Peter Schwiebert, MD; Emanuel New-mark, MD, FACS; and Undreth G. Dubois, CO, COMT.
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Contents
FIGURES
PREFACE
WHO'S WHO IN EYE CARE
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
CHAPTER 1 THE EYE EXAMINATION
OBJECTIVES
RELEVANCE
BASIC INFORMATION
THE PATIENT'S HISTORY
ANATOMY
ANATOMIC AGING CHANGES
OPTICS
VISUAL ACUITY 8
WHEN TO EXAMINE 9
ADDITIONAL TESTS 9
HOW TO EXAMINE 9
DISTANCE VISUAL ACUITY TESTING 10
NEAR VISUAL ACUITY TESTING 12
VISUAL ACUITY ESTIMATION IN AN UNCOOPERATIVE PATIENT 12
CONFRONTATION FIELD TESTING 13
AMSLER GRID TESTING 14
EXTERNAL INSPECTION 14
UPPER LID EVERSION 15
OCULAR MOTILITY TESTING 15
PUPILLARY REACTION TESTING 15
ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH ASSESSMENT 16
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 17
COLOR VISION TESTING 19
FLUORESCEIN STAINING OF CORNEA 19
OPHTHALMOSCOPY 19
SUMMARY OF STEPS IN EYE EXAMINATION 24
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 25
REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY 25
ABNORMAL FUNDUS APPEARANCE 25
SHALLOW ANTERIOR CHAMBER DEPTH/ELEVATED
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE 26
POINTS TO REMEMBER 26
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 26
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 28
CHAPTER 2 ACUTE VISUAL LOSS
OBJECTIVES 31
RELEVANCE 31
BASIC INFORMATION 31
HOW TO EXAMINE 32
VISUAL ACUITY TESTING 32
CONFRONTATION FIELD TESTING 32
PUPILLARY REACTIONS 32
OPHTHALMOSCOPY 32
PENLIGHT EXAMINATION 33
TONOMETRY 33
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 33
MEDIA OPACITIES 33
CORNEAL EDEMA 33
HYPHEMA 33
CATARACT 34
VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE 34
RETINAI DISEASE 35
OPTIC NERVE DISEASE 39
VISUAL PATHWAY DISORDERS 42
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS 43
ACUTE DISCOVERY OF CHRONIC VISUAL LOSS 43
POINTS TO REMEMBER 43
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 44
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 46
CHAPTER 3 CHRONIC VISUAL LOSS 49
OBJECTIVES 49
CHRONIC VISUAL LOSS IN THE GERIATRIC POPULATION 49
GLAUCOMA 50
RELEVANCE 50
BASIC INFORMATION 52
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE 52
TYPES OF GLAUCOMA 53
OPTIC NERVE 53
RELATIONSHIP OF ЮР AND OPTIC NERVE 54
WHEN TO EXAMINE 54
HOW TO EXAMINE 54
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 55
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 57
CATARACT 57
RELEVANCE 57
BASIC INFORMATION 58
LENS 59
CATARACT 59
SYMPTOMS OF CATARACT 59
WHEN TO EXAMINE 60
HOW TO EXAMINE 61
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 62
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 62
MACULAR DEGENERATION 63
RELEVANCE 63
BASIC INFORMATION 63
MACULAR ANAIOMY 63
AGE-RELATED MACULAR CHANGES 64
WHEN TO EXAMINE 67
HOW TO EXAMINE 67
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 68
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 68
THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED PATIENT 69
POINTS TO REMEMBER 70
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 71
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 72
CHAPTER 4 THE RED EYE
OBJECTIVES 75
RELEVANCE 75
BASIC INFORMATION 75
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH A RED EYE 76
HISTORY 79
HOW TO EXAMINE 80
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 82
SYMPTOMS OF RED EYE 83
SIGNS OF RED EYE 85
ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS 87
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 87
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 88
BLEPHARITIS 88
STYE AND CHALAZION 9C
SUBCONJUNC TIVAL HEMORRHAGE 91
CONJUNCTIVITIS 91
THERAPEUTIC WARNINGS 92
TOPICAL ANESTHETICS 92
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS 92
POINTS TO REMEMBER 92
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 93
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 97
CHAPTER 5 OCULAR AND ORBITAL INJURIES OBJECTIVES 99
RELEVANCE 99
BASIC INFORMATION 100
ANATOMY AND FUNCTION 100
WHEN TO EXAMINE 103 HOW TO EXAMINE 103
HISTORY 104
VISUAI ACUITY TESTING 104
EXTERNAL EXAMINATION 105
PUPILLARY REACTIONS 107
OCULAR MOTILITY TESTING 107
OPHTHALMOSCOPY 107
RADIOLOGIC STUDIES 107
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 108
TRUE EMERGENCY 108
URGENT SITUATION 108
SEMIURGENT CONDI HON 11С
TREATMENT SKILLS 111
OCULAR IRRIGATION 111
FOREIGN-BODY REMOVAL 112
PRESCRIBING EYE MEDICATION 112
PATCHING 112
SUTURING 113
POINTS TO REMEMBER 113
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 114
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 118
CHAPTER 6 AMBLYOPIA AND STRABISMUS
OBJECTIVES 121
RELEVANCE 121
BASIC INFORMATION 122
AMBLYOPIA 122
STRABISMUS 124
HOW TO EXAMINE AND INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 126
AMBLYOPIA TESTING 127
STRABISMUS TESTING 129
OTHER TESTS 133
MANAGEMENT OR REFERRAL 134
AMBLYOPIA 134
STRABISMUS 135
POINTS TO REMEMBER 136
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 136
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 140
CHAPTER 7 NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
OBJECTIVES 141
RELEVANCE 141
HOW TO EXAMINE 142
VISUAL ACUITY TESTING 142
VISUAL FIELD TESTING 142
PUPILLARY REACTIONS 143
OCULAR MOTILITY TESTING 144
OPHTHALMOSCOPY 145
HOW TO INTERPRET THE FINDINGS 146
PUPILLARY DISORDERS 146
OTHER CRANIAL NERVE PALSIES 150
OPTIC NERVE DISEASE 153
VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS 156
VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS 157
COGNITIVE VISUAL LOSS: THE VISUAL VARIANT OF ALZHEIMER-S DISEASE 159
POINTS TO REMEMBER 159
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 160
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 164
CHAPTER 8 OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE
OBJECTIVES 165
RELEVANCE 165
DIABETES MELLITUS 166
HYPERTENSION 170
ARTERIOLAR SCLEROSIS 170
ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE 172
DIAGNOSTIC CONCERNS 172
MANAGEMENT 172
PREGNANCY 173
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA 174
THYROID DISEASE 174
SARCOIDOSIS AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS 175
MALIGNANCY 176
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 177
SYPHILIS 179
OTHER SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS 179
POINTS TO REMEMBER 180
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 181
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 182
CHAPTER 9 DRUGS AND THE EYE
OBJECTIVES 185
RELEVANCE 185
BASIC INFORMATION 187
TOPICAL OCULAR DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS 188
FLUORESCEIN DYE 188 ANESTHETICS 188 MYDRIATICS 189
TOPICAL OCULAR THERAPEUTIC DRUGS 190
DECONGESTANTS 190
AGENTS FOR RELIEF OF ALLERGIC CONJUNCTMTIS 191
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS 191
AGENTS FOR THF RELIEF ОГ DRY EYE SYMPTOMS 191
ANTIBIOTICS 191
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS 192
SYSTEMIC SIDE EFFECTS OF GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS 192
BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS 192
CHOLINFRGIC-STIMULATING DRUGS 193
ALPHA-2 ADRENORECEPTOR AGONISTS 194
ADRENERGIC-STIMULATING DRUGS 194
PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES 195
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS 195
OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DRUGS 195
AMIODARONE 195
BIPHOSPHONATES 196
CHLOROQUINES 196
CHLORPROMAZINE 197
CORTICOSTEROIDS 197
DIGITALIS 197
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN 197
ETHAMBUTOL 197
HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS (STATINS) 198
RIFABUTIN (MYCOBUTIN) 198
SILDENAFIL (VIAGRA) AND TADALIFIL (CIALIS) 198
THIORIDAZINE 198
TOPIRAMATE (TOPIMAX) 198
POINTS TO REMEMBER 199
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 199
ANNOTATED RESOURCES 202
INDEX 203
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